>>> txt = "Mr Miller's dog is a beast!"
>>> txt.lower()
"mr miller's dog is a beast!"
>>> s = "Berliner Straße"
>>> s.casefold()
'berliner strasse'
>>> s.lower()
'berliner straße'
>>>
>>> txt.upper()
"MR MILLER'S DOG IS A BEAST!"
>>> txt.swapcase()
"mR mILLER'S DOG IS A BEAST!"
>>> txt.capitalize()
"Mr miller's dog is a beast!"
>>> txt.title()
"Mr Miller'S Dog Is A Beast!"